// // Button groups // -------------------------------------------------- // Make the div behave like a button .btn-group, .btn-group-vertical { position: relative; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; // match .btn alignment given font-size hack above > .btn { position: relative; float: left; // Bring the "active" button to the front &:hover, &:focus, &:active, &.active { z-index: 2; } &:focus { // Remove focus outline when dropdown JS adds it after closing the menu outline: 0; } } } // Prevent double borders when buttons are next to each other .btn-group { .btn + .btn, .btn + .btn-group, .btn-group + .btn, .btn-group + .btn-group { margin-left: -1px; } } // Optional: Group multiple button groups together for a toolbar .btn-toolbar { margin-left: -5px; // Offset the first child's margin &:extend(.clearfix all); .btn-group, .input-group { float: left; } > .btn, > .btn-group, > .input-group { margin-left: 5px; } } .btn-group > .btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) { border-radius: 0; } // Set corners individual because sometimes a single button can be in a .btn-group and we need :first-child and :last-child to both match .btn-group > .btn:first-child { margin-left: 0; &:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) { .border-right-radius(0); } } // Need .dropdown-toggle since :last-child doesn't apply given a .dropdown-menu immediately after it .btn-group > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child), .btn-group > .dropdown-toggle:not(:first-child) { .border-left-radius(0); } // Custom edits for including btn-groups within btn-groups (useful for including dropdown buttons within a btn-group) .btn-group > .btn-group { float: left; } .btn-group > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn { border-radius: 0; } .btn-group > .btn-group:first-child { > .btn:last-child, > .dropdown-toggle { .border-right-radius(0); } } .btn-group > .btn-group:last-child > .btn:first-child { .border-left-radius(0); } // On active and open, don't show outline .btn-group .dropdown-toggle:active, .btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle { outline: 0; } // Sizing // // Remix the default button sizing classes into new ones for easier manipulation. .btn-group-xs > .btn { &:extend(.btn-xs); } .btn-group-sm > .btn { &:extend(.btn-sm); } .btn-group-lg > .btn { &:extend(.btn-lg); } // Split button dropdowns // ---------------------- // Give the line between buttons some depth .btn-group > .btn + .dropdown-toggle { padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; } .btn-group > .btn-lg + .dropdown-toggle { padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; } // The clickable button for toggling the menu // Remove the gradient and set the same inset shadow as the :active state .btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle { .box-shadow(inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125)); // Show no shadow for `.btn-link` since it has no other button styles. &.btn-link { .box-shadow(none); } } // Reposition the caret .btn .caret { margin-left: 0; } // Carets in other button sizes .btn-lg .caret { border-width: @caret-width-large @caret-width-large 0; border-bottom-width: 0; } // Upside down carets for .dropup .dropup .btn-lg .caret { border-width: 0 @caret-width-large @caret-width-large; } // Vertical button groups // ---------------------- .btn-group-vertical { > .btn, > .btn-group, > .btn-group > .btn { display: block; float: none; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; } // Clear floats so dropdown menus can be properly placed > .btn-group { &:extend(.clearfix all); > .btn { float: none; } } > .btn + .btn, > .btn + .btn-group, > .btn-group + .btn, > .btn-group + .btn-group { margin-top: -1px; margin-left: 0; } } .btn-group-vertical > .btn { &:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) { border-radius: 0; } &:first-child:not(:last-child) { border-top-right-radius: @border-radius-base; .border-bottom-radius(0); } &:last-child:not(:first-child) { border-bottom-left-radius: @border-radius-base; .border-top-radius(0); } } .btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn { border-radius: 0; } .btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) { > .btn:last-child, > .dropdown-toggle { .border-bottom-radius(0); } } .btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:last-child:not(:first-child) > .btn:first-child { .border-top-radius(0); } // Justified button groups // ---------------------- .btn-group-justified { display: table; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: separate; > .btn, > .btn-group { float: none; display: table-cell; width: 1%; } > .btn-group .btn { width: 100%; } > .btn-group .dropdown-menu { left: auto; } } // Checkbox and radio options // // In order to support the browser's form validation feedback, powered by the // `required` attribute, we have to "hide" the inputs via `opacity`. We cannot // use `display: none;` or `visibility: hidden;` as that also hides the popover. // This way, we ensure a DOM element is visible to position the popover from. // // See https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/pull/12794 for more. [data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn > input[type="radio"], [data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn > input[type="checkbox"] { position: absolute; z-index: -1; .opacity(0); } .elementor-animation-grow-rotate { transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: transform; } .elementor-animation-grow-rotate:active, .elementor-animation-grow-rotate:focus, .elementor-animation-grow-rotate:hover { transform: scale(1.1) rotate(4deg); } {"id":16860,"date":"2026-02-13T21:32:23","date_gmt":"2026-02-13T20:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.solucionessmart.com.uy\/smartporteria\/?p=16860"},"modified":"2026-02-13T21:36:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T20:36:53","slug":"history-of-india-facts-timelines-events","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.solucionessmart.com.uy\/smartporteria\/2026\/02\/13\/history-of-india-facts-timelines-events\/","title":{"rendered":"History Of India Facts, Timelines, Events, Personalities & Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"

India country profile<\/h1>\n

After the death of Harsha the Rajputs came into prominence on the political horizons of North India. The Indus valley people practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, made tools and weapons from copper, bronze and tin and even traded with some Middle East countries. Indus valley civilization, which flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC, had an advanced and flourishing economic system.<\/p>\n

India’s economy is among the world’s fastest growing. Neither mainland China nor Taiwan recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. In 1914, British India and Tibet agreed on the McMahon Line, as part of the Simla Accord.<\/p>\n

The election saw a resurgence of India’s opposition, which won 234 seats. The presidency is largely ceremonial, but can play a significant role if, for example, no party wins an outright majority in elections. A teacher and former governor of Jharkhand State, she is the first person from a tribal community to serve as India’s head of state. But it is also tackling huge, social, economic and environmental problems. Those slices were thrown back onto the northern edge of the Indian landmass and came to form much of the Himalayan mountain system. It is now generally accepted that India\u2019s geographic position, continental outline, and basic geologic structure resulted from a process of plate tectonics\u2014the shifting of enormous, rigid crustal plates over the Earth\u2019s underlying layer of molten material.<\/p>\n

Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India from 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. During this period Buddhist art spread with Indian religions to Central, East and Southeast Asia, the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art. India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of Eurasia, especially in the first millennium.<\/p>\n

After the India\u2013Pakistan war of 1965, Shastri died in January 1966, soon after signing the Tashkent Peace Declaration. After Nehru died in office in May 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri was unanimously chosen by the Congress to be parliamentary leader, and thus prime minister. The Congress is considered the ideological centre in Indian political culture; the BJP is right-wing. India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and eighteen\u00a0biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; its eighty-nine wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially.<\/p>\n

Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The Mughal state’s economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency, caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The sultanate’s raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire. The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India.<\/p>\n

This is partly due to the very high tariffs which India charges on imported goods. With 6,000 European companies operating in India, the agreement will boost competitiveness and create new opportunities across multiple sectors. The EU and India already trade over \u20ac180 billion worth of goods and services per year, supporting close to 800,000 jobs in the EU.<\/p>\n

These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. It extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. The remaining Indian Plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. To the west lies the Thar Desert, the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravallis. Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain.<\/p>\n

India is the world’s fourth-largest economy with the world’s largest population, yet EU exports to India remain relatively low, compared to our exports elsewhere. The agreement will give EU companies privileged access to the world\u2019s most populous country (nearly 1.5 billion people) and the fourth largest economy. Together, the EU and India represent around a quarter of the world\u2019s population, with two billion people, and about 25% of the world\u2019s gross domestic product (GDP). The British administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes in the social, political and the economic life of the country. Mr Modi is only the second Indian leader to win a third consecutive term after the country’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. India is the world’s largest democracy and, according to UN estimates, its population is expected to overtake China’s in 2028 to become the world’s most populous nation.<\/p>\n

Alongside the free trade agreement, the EU and India are also negotiating agreements on geographical indications and investment protection. The EU and India started negotiating a free trade agreement in 2007. Once India also ratifies the agreement, it can enter into force. Signing of the agreement between the EU and India The EU and India commit to working together on climate action and the sustainable use of natural resources. The agreement is expected to double EU exports to India, which already support 800,000 European jobs.<\/p>\n

Hindi became the official language (and a number of other local languages achieved official status), while a vibrant English-language intelligentsia thrived. Many British institutions stayed in place (such as the parliamentary system of government); English continued to be a widely used lingua franca; and India remained within the Commonwealth. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. Eventually, some of those raiders stayed; by the 13th century much of the subcontinent was under Muslim rule, and the number of Muslims steadily increased. Other religions, notably Buddhism and Jainism, originated in India\u2014though their presence there is now quite small\u2014and throughout the centuries residents of the subcontinent developed a rich intellectual life in such fields as mathematics, astronomy, architecture, literature, music, and the fine arts.<\/p>\n

West Bengal<\/h2>\n

There were also many other Indian dynasties (empires) such as the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. It has become a very popular name for India since the middle of the 19th century. The ancient Greeks called Indians as Indoi (\u1f38\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af), which means \u00abthe people of the Indus\u00bb. Most of Indians follow Hinduism at 80%, but people of different religions such as Buddhism, Sikhism and Islam also live there.<\/p>\n

Religious minorities, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, still account for a significant proportion of the population. As a result of the Indian Independence Movement, British rule came to an end on August 14-15, 1947, celebrated annually as Independence Day. Especially important was the coming of Islam, brought from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian, and other raiders beginning early in the 8th century ce. Throughout its history, India was intermittently disturbed by incursions from beyond its northern mountain wall. It is known from archaeological evidence that a highly sophisticated urbanized culture\u2014the Indus civilization\u2014dominated the northwestern part of the subcontinent from about 2600 to 2000 bce. The major secular holidays in India are Independence Day (August 15), Republic Day (January 26), and Gandhi Jayanti (October 2, Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s birth anniversary).<\/p>\n

India country profile<\/h3>\n

There are many different languages and cultures in India. Altogether, 1,625 languages are spoken in India. Hindi and English are official languages of India. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. One of the oldest languages in the world, Tamil, developed in South India more than 3000 years ago.<\/p>\n

Dwarkadhish Temple<\/h2>\n

India has been a federal republic since 1950, governed through a democratic parliamentary system. In 1947, the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority dominion of India and a Muslim-majority dominion of Pakistan. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly, but technological changes were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root.<\/p>\n

It is bounded to the northwest by Pakistan, to the north by Nepal, China, and Bhutan; and to the east by Myanmar (Burma). Three other Indian cities\u2014Bengaluru (Bangalore), Chennai (Madras), and Hyderabad\u2014are among the world\u2019s fastest-growing high-technology centers, and most of the world\u2019s major information technology and software companies now have offices in India. At independence, India was blessed with several leaders of world stature, most notably Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who were able to galvanize the masses at home and bring prestige to India abroad. Yet social legislation has done much to alleviate the disabilities previously suffered by formerly \u201cuntouchable\u201d castes, tribal populations, women, and other traditionally disadvantaged segments of society. Earnest attempts have been made to instill a spirit of nationhood in so varied a population, but tensions between neighboring groups have remained and at times have resulted in outbreaks of violence.<\/p>\n

India’s Bet365<\/a> constitution was founded on 26 January 1950. On 15 August 1947, India peacefully became free and independent from the British Empire. In the early 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest against British rule.<\/p>\n

According to the International Monetary Fund, the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94\u00a0trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and, at around $15.0\u00a0trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Union Council of Ministers\u2014with the cabinet being its executive committee\u2014headed by the prime minister. After the 1998 Indian general election, Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the BJP became prime minister; his government was short-lived due to the lack of a continued mandate. There are six\u00a0recognised national parties in the country, including the Indian National Congress (generally, \u00abthe Congress\u00bb) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); there and over 50\u00a0regional parties. It predominates in the temperate coniferous forest of the Himalayas, the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India.<\/p>\n

FM radio stations are plentiful but only public All India Radio can produce news. India has a burgeoning media industry, with broadcast, print and digital media experiencing tremendous growth. Since India’s partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought two wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades.<\/p>\n